苜蓿叶象甲的耐寒性研究

为探讨苜蓿叶象甲(Hypera postica)的耐寒性,测定了不同虫态以及越冬成虫的过冷却点和冰点.结果表明,苜蓿叶象甲成虫、长翅型蛹、短翅型蛹、四龄幼虫以及三龄幼虫的过冷却点依次为-20.46、-10.34、-9.55、-10.0和-9.75℃,冰点依次为-18.24、-6.68、-6.52,-7.52和-7.86...     

Repellency of insecticides and the effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed crops

The study intended to compare repellency of three insecticides on bumble bees and honey bees in Norwegian red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed crops, and to examine effects of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in the field. The repellency study was carried out in a large-scale field trial in SE Norway in 2013. On average for observations during the first week after spraying, 17 and 40% less honey bees (P?=?.03) and 26 and 20% less bumble bees (P?=?.36) were observed on plots sprayed with the pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin, respectively, than on unsprayed control plots. No pollinator repellency was found on plots sprayed with the neonicotinoid thiacloprid. Compared with unsprayed control the seed yield increases were 22% on plots sprayed with thiacloprid vs. 12–13% on plots sprayed with pyrethroids (P?=?.10). Follow-up studies in 2014–2016 focused on the effect of thiacloprid on bumble bee colony development in commercially reared nests of Bombus terrestris placed into red clover seed crops at the start of flowering. Unsprayed control crops were compared with crops sprayed either at the bud stage or when 18–44% of flower heads were in full bloom. Chemical analyses of adult bumble bees showed that thiacloprid was taken up in bees when crops were sprayed during flowering, but not detected when crops were sprayed at the bud stage. The bumble bees in late-sprayed crops also developed weaker colonies than in unsprayed crops. Dead bees with a high internal concentration of thiacloprid were found in one crop sprayed during the night at 35% flowering. This shows that thiacloprid is not bee-safe if sprayed after anthesis and that spraying has to be conducted at the bud stage to reduce its contamination of nectar and pollen.     

光照周期和温度对苜蓿对象甲发育及滞育的影响

经研究表明：苜蓿推叶甲Ｈｙｐｅｒａｐｏｓｔｉｃａ（Ｇｙｌｌｅｎｈａｌ）在乌鲁木齐地区的发育起点温度为９．７℃，有效积温为５７５．７日度，年发生２—３代。每代成虫都有一定数量的个体发生滞育，在自然光、温条件下，第一代成虫的滞育率为１０％左右，末代为１００％。在短光照条件下，温度不同，成虫滞育率亦显著不同。在８ｈ光照，恒温２２℃时，成虫滞育率达１００％．     

不同温度下苜蓿叶象甲实验种群生命表研究

为了研究温度对苜蓿叶象甲(Hypera postica Gyllenhal)种群动态的影响,组建了其在18℃,22℃,26℃,30℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明:18~30℃范围内,苜蓿叶象甲发育速率随温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型。苜蓿叶象甲的卵、幼虫、前蛹、蛹及产卵前期成虫的发育起点温度分别为8.82,10.47,8.60,11.91和9.53℃,有效积温分别为99.38,143.80,48.63,55.71和140.15℃·d,完成整个世代需要的有效积温为480.96℃·d。实验温度条件下其生存曲线呈A型,26℃时世代存活率及单雌产卵量最高,分别为47.6%,847.7粒。苜蓿叶象甲世代存活率(S)、种群趋势指数(I)与温度(t)间均呈抛物线关系,其生长发育繁殖的最适温区为25~27℃。     

8种杀虫剂对苜蓿叶象及条纹根瘤象的毒力测定

采用喷雾法对8种药剂对苜蓿叶象及条纹根瘤象进行室内毒力测定,结果表明：2%噻虫啉微囊粉剂对苜蓿叶象四龄幼虫的活性较高,其 LC50为107.408 mg/L,4.5%高效氯氰菊酯微乳剂的活性最低,其 LC50为549.342 mg/L;8种杀虫剂对三龄幼虫的 LC50为140.176-453.784 mg/L。40%毒死蜱乳油对条纹根瘤象成虫活性较高,其 LC50为71.017 mg/L,其次为2%噻虫啉微囊粉剂,其 LC50为80.157mg/L。     

紫外线诱变选育苜蓿叶象甲高毒力白僵菌

[目的]选育出对苜蓿叶象甲高毒力的白僵菌.[方法]利用紫外线对前期筛选出的白僵菌菌株照射10和30min进行诱变,选出高几丁质酶突变株,再用诱变前后的白僵菌对苜蓿叶象甲3龄幼虫进行毒力测定.[结果]用诱变前后的白僵菌对苜蓿叶象甲3龄幼虫室内毒力测定:处理9d后,诱导菌株Bb- 10- 12校正死亡率为100;,Bb - 30 - 14校正死亡率为77.78;,而朱经紫外线照射的野生型菌株校正死亡率为62.97;.[结论]通过室内毒力测定法,获得了经10 min紫外线照射诱变对苜蓿叶象甲更高毒力的1株白僵菌菌株.     

基于CLIMEX的苜蓿叶象甲在我国的适生区分析

综合运用CLIMEX 3.0与ArcGIS 9.3对苜蓿叶象甲（Hypera postica Gyllenhal）在我国目前以及未来气候条件下的潜在地理分布进行了研究。结果显示：目前气候条件下,苜蓿叶象甲在我国的适生区主要分布新疆、甘肃、内蒙古、西藏东南部、四川和云南地区。基于中国未来气候的预测结果显示,2020年,适生范围向西部扩大到西藏中南部,高度适生范围南界向南移至33°N,其中高度适生区范围由29.38%增加至35.1%,增加了5.72%;非适生区有所减少,由35.49%降至30.47%,减少了5.02%。鉴于苜蓿叶象甲在我国的适生性研究结果,建议进一步完善监测预警预报体系,采取相应有效的防控策略,加强对苜蓿叶象甲的防治措施,严防该虫的进一步传播扩散。     

球孢白僵菌Bb-10-12对苜蓿叶象甲的室内毒力研究

利用孢子浓度为1.65×105～1.65×109个孢子/mL的球孢白僵菌Bb-10-12菌悬液对苜蓿叶象甲幼虫和成虫进行毒力研究。结果表明,该菌株具有较高的杀虫活性,孢子浓度为1.65×108个孢子/mL时,对2龄幼虫最高累计校正死亡率为100%,致死中浓度为1.3959×106个孢子/mL,致死中时间(7.73±2.81)d;对4龄幼虫最高累计校正死亡率为89.29%,致死中浓度为3.3175×106个孢子/mL,致死中时间(9.10±0.28)d;对成虫最高累计校正死亡率为61.11%,致死中浓度为4.8287×108个孢子/mL,致死中时间(27.48±0.15)d。比较可知,该菌株对苜蓿叶象甲2龄幼虫防治效果最好。     

Thresholds of economic damage by clover seed weevil (Apion fulvipes Geoff.) and lesser clover leaf weevil (Hypera nigrirostris Fab.) on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed crops

Severe reductions in the seed yield of white clover can occur because of feeding by the white clover seed weevil Apion fulvipes and the lesser clover leaf weevil Hypera nigrirostris which together can reduce the seed yield by more than 0·50. From 2002 to 2006 five field experiments were carried out to investigate the relationship between the density of these two weevil species and seed yield of white clover. Damage caused by the weevils was calculated as the difference in the number of weevils and the difference in seed yield between the average of insecticide‐treated and untreated plots. Loss of seed yield was expressed as a proportion of the seed yield in insecticide‐treated plots, which allowed for a comparison between years as yields in insecticide‐treated plots varied. A multiple regression approach was chosen in which proportional loss in seed yield was the response variable and the weevils A. fulvipes and H. nigrirostris were the independent variables. Data obtained from the experiments were used to construct the following threshold model of economic damage: